An enhanced understanding of the impact of microbial communities and better comprehension of the exact mechanism of operation of such communities has become a priority. However, further efforts are required to develop models for gut microbiota ( Faith et al., 2011). For instance, the gut ecosystem is mainly targeted for modeling purposes in case of inflammatory bowel disease and obesity. Manipulating the microbial communities, on the other hand, is beneficial in treatment of waste water ( Werner et al., 2011), food production ( Mounier, 2008), and for disease prevention and treatment for example, treatment of caries ( Marsh, 1994), inflammatory bowel disease ( Maloy and Powrie, 2011), and obesity ( Ley et al., 2006 Blekhman et al., 2015). In current day world, the different interactive patterns (Figure 1) noted could culminate into several diverse outputs some of which have useful applications in various disciplines such as health interventions, food industry, agriculture, and environment, etc. The resultant winвЂ“win relationship is termed as mutualism ( Faust and Raes, 2012). A typical example of this scenario can be drawn from bacteria of differing taxa whose association can result in the development of a biofilm which may ultimately complex into making the individual members resistant to antibiotics. The different win, loss, and neutral associations occurring between interacting partners provide a foundation for diverse forms of interactive patterns. The interactive patterns within these webs are either positive (win), negative (loss), or neutral where there is no effect at all on the interacting species. These interactions among microorganisms can be between same species, with different species, or even among completely different genera and families. Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, some parasites like protists and archaea, and viruses vary in shapes, size, and surface morphologies ( Ullah et al., 2017b Kiprono et al., 2018a, b Shi et al., 2018) and often appear in nature to have formed some complex ecological interactive webs within the ecosystem rather than existing as single planktonic cells. In short, this review reveals the recent contributions of microbial interaction for the benefit of mankind. Special emphasis and focus is placed on microbial interactions which are important in medicine, food industry, agriculture, and environment. It further explains the mechanism of action of biofilm formation and role of secondary metabolites regulating bacteria-fungi interaction. Therefore, the current review explores different types of microbial interactions and describes the role of various physical, chemical, biological, and genetic factors regulating such interactions. However, latest developments in research have demonstrated that within our environment, several classes of microbes exist which produce different products upon interaction and thus embrace a wider scope of useful and potentially valuable aspects beyond simple antibiosis. 2College of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, ChinaДЇor a long time, it was considered that interactions between microbes are only inhibitory in nature.1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.Tiroyaone Shimane Tshikantwa 1 вЂ , Muhammad Wajid Ullah 1 вЂ , Feng He 2 * and Guang Yang 1 *

Biocontrol agents in human welfare